"The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford"

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Chapter 6. Building the Central Pacific Rail Road of California—1863–1869...213
A Railroad to the Pacific?.................................................213
The Western Pacific Railroad Company.......................................214
Symbolic Beginning of Construction of the Central Pacific Rail Road........217
Disaffection and Death of Theodore Judah...................................221
State and Local Contributions to the Central Pacific Rail Road.............228
Opposition to the Central Pacific Rail Road................................229
Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road Company..............................230
The Central Pacific lays Iron Rails, Not Steel.............................234
Problems with the Nevada Legislature.......................................239
The 1864 and 1866 Amendments to the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act..............241
Chinese Laborers on the Central Pacific....................................242
Use of Nitroglycerin on Central Pacific Construction.......................251
Pre-Promontory Corporate Expansion of the Central Pacific Railroad.........255
The Goat Island Controversy................................................266
Stanford and the Oakland Water Front Company...............................268
Central Pacific Railroad Hospital..........................................268
Central Pacific Mainline Construction Continues............................270
Creation of the Contract & Finance Company.................................272
Stanford at the Central Pacific Construction Site..........................274
Central Pacific Construction Continues.....................................275
Chart depicting Construction Progress......................................283
Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad................................286
The Entire Nation Celebrates...............................................296

Book now available – Click to order from Amazon.com.

The book is a scholar's dream, a genealogist's windfall, and a publisher's nightmare.

A. Approximately 1,300 pages.

B. More than 5,300 footnotes (at the bottom of the page, where footnotes belong).

C. 175 illustrations: photographs, tables, charts, and documents.

D. 229 sidebars and boxes with detailed treatment of events and people that would interrupt the narrative if not set aside in this way.

E. 90+-page bibliography, with about 1800 entries.

F. 20-page chronology/timeline.

G. A 20-30-page index, listing every personal name mentioned in the book.

Writer's commentary:

My wife Evie works closely with me on the research. We have left no stone unturned in trying to answer all the questions about Stanford that I am asked by Stanford people, by California, railroad, and Western historians, and by a number of California and local officials, questions about the man's life and career that have troubled Stanford aficionados and followers for the past century or more. I have researched every "loose end" in his life that I could identify by talking with those interested in Stanford's career, and in checking the gaps in works published about him, including my own.

Because Stanford had so many proverbial "irons in the fire" at the time of his death, I have written a concluding chapter titled "Epilogue and Legacy," which brings the reader up-to-date on all these matters.

Our travels to clear up major questions on the life of Stanford include trips to New York, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Florence, Italy, Silvaplana, Switzerland, and London. I include in my bibliography a list of people I have interviewed and with whom I have corresponded to exemplify travels of another kind in search of information.

This extensive biography deals with many aspects of Stanford's life never before published and in many cases, it would seem, never before examined. It may be the longest or at least the most detailed work written on a state governor. It is a source book on the man and his times as well as a story of one man's life. The identity and relationship to Stanford of almost every "major minor character" is explained in a note or sidebar, and many of them are identified in the "In Memoriam" section at the end.

Why does the world need a biography of Leland Stanford? I answer this question in part by submitting the following list of Stanford "firsts," excised from my chapter "End of the Line."

First Justice of the Peace in Michigan City, California.

Selected to be a Republican presidential elector at Chicago in 1860

(though because of business pressure he chose not to go).

First Republican Governor of California.

First president of the Central Pacific Railroad .

First president of the Southern Pacific Company.

Owner of the first in size of the world's vineyards.

First among the world's trotting horse breeders.

Idea man and developer of the first motion picture.

First president (and builder) of the California Street Cablecar.

First president of the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company.

Builder and owner of the first in quality of private residences in the nation.

First railroad president elected to the United States Senate.

First in wealth of any man in the United States Senate.

First president of the Bodie Mining Company.

Founder of the first in size of endowment of any private university.

Founder of the first university of its kind allowed under California law.

Founder of the first university in land area in the world to this day.

First president and co-founder of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company.

First Californian to host an American president (Hayes and Harrison) in his home.

First transplanted Californian to be honored in the Albany, New York, Hall of Fame.

Former Governor George Deukmejian of California wrote the foreword.

A few of the dust jacket testimonial writers:

A. Dr. Kevin Starr, California State Librarian.

B. Ambassador Bill Lane, long-time owner and publisher of Sunset Magazine.

C. Dr. Peter Duignan, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

D. Mr. Lynn Farrar, Southern Pacific Company Evaluations Engineer.

E. Charles A. Fracchia, Founder and President of the San Francisco Historical Society.

Readers are encouraged to enclose their checks with their orders. The 20% discount and free postage is a prepublication arrangement to help with the financing of a very expensive project.

Happy Rails,

Norman E. Tutorow

P.O. Box 714

La Honda, Alta Cal'a 94020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chronology
Illustrations
Note Abbreviations
Foreword by California Governor George Deukmejian
Preface
Acknowledgements

1. The Formative Years

Stanford Family and Genealogy
Leland Stanford
Leland's Education
Attorney-at-Law in Port Washington, Wisconsin
Marriage of Leland Stanford and Jane Elizabeth "Jennie" Lathrop
The Stanfords in Port Washington
The Stanfords leave Port Washington
Leland goes to California while Jane remains in New York

2. California Businessman

All the Stanford Brothers except Leland go to California
Charles Stanford returns to New York
Leland joins his Brothers in California
Cold Springs Storekeeper
Michigan City Storekeeper and Saloonkeeper
Leland takes a Trip to New York
Leland buys the Stanford Brothers' Store in Sacramento
Michigan City Fire and the Resuscitation of the Mythical "Stanford Store" in nearby Michigan Bluff!
The Stanford Brothers—the West's largest Oil Company
Union/Lincoln/Stanford Mine
Not exactly a Silver King, but . . . Stanford and the South Aurora Silver Mine

3. Leland Stanford in Early California Politics

Early California Politics
Republican Party Meetings and Conventions in Sacramento—1856
Defeated in Election for Sacramento Alderman and State Treasurer
Nominated for Governor of California
The 1859 Gubernatorial Campaign and Election
Selected to be a Delegate to the 1860 National Republican Convention
Does not attend the Republican Convention
The 1860 Presidential Election in California

4. California's First Republican Governor—1862-1863

At President Abraham Lincoln's Inauguration, and Stanford's Dispensing of California Patronage
Returns to California
Nominated for Governor
Stanford as Gubernatorial Nominee and as President of the Central Pacific Rail Road
Gubernatorial Campaign of 1861
Elected Governor of California
Inauguration of Governor Leland Stanford
Stanford's First Year as Governor
The 13th Session of the State Legislature Convenes in San Francisco
Laws Passed and Appointments made during Stanford's First Year as Governor
Prison Break at San Quentin
Stanford's Second Year as Governor
Governor Stanford and Federal Patronage
Stanford Averts a War with Nevada Territory
California Supreme Court Associate Justice Edwin
Bryant Crocker
California and the Civil War
Secessionism in California
Stanford's Unionism and Republicanism
Aftermath: Social and Business Relations of the Stanfords during their Sacramento Years

5. Organization of the Central Pacific Rail Road of California—1832-1862

Early Agitation for a Transcontinental Railroad
Movements in California for a Transcontinental Wagon Road and Railroad
Theodore Dehone Judah and the Central Pacific Rail Road
Stanford's Interest in the Central Pacific Rail Road
Organizing the Central Pacific Rail Road
Stanford's Four Major Central Pacific Rail Road Associates
Congressional and Presidential Approval of a Transcontinental Railroad
The Federal Government's Contribution to the Transcontinental Railroad

A New Life Style for the Stanfords
The Stanfords' Sacramento House
The Stanfords' San Francisco House
California Street Cable Railroad Company
San Francisco Fortunes in 1851, 1871, 1881, and 1892 (and some Years in between)
The Stanfords and others entertain Former President General Ulysses Simpson Grant
Stanford's Private Railway Car

9. Down on the Farm

The Stanfords buy a Country Home
Total Acreage of the Palo Alto Farm
The Stanfords' Country Estate
Southern California Land Acquisitions
Landscaping and Remodeling the Country House

10. Palo Alto Stock Farm

Brief Descriptions of the Palo Alto Stock Farm
Stanford's World Champion Trotters
Stanford's Horses in San Francisco
Electioneer (May 2, 1868 – December 3,1890)
The Palo Alto Stock Farm
The "Palo Alto System"
World Records of Palo Alto Trotters
Sunol and Charles Marvin Leave the Farm
Stanford as a Horseman

11. The First Motion Picture

Initial Photographic Experiments of Leland Stanford and Eadweard Muybridge
Hiatus following Muybridge's Murder of Major Harry Larkyns, Flora Muybridge's Lover
Resumption of the Photographing of Horses
Evolution of the Idea of and Construction of a "Moving Picture" Camera
Early Showing and Publication of the Stanford-Muybridge Motion Pictures
Leland Stanford meets Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier
Muybridge's later Career
J.D.B. Stillman's Book The Horse in Motion
Muybridge files and loses Lawsuits against James R. Osgood and Stanford
Palo Alto Stock Farm Experiments and the Motion Picture Industry

12. Vineyardist and Vintner

Introduction
Warm Springs Winery
Josiah Stanford and his Warm Springs Home
The Lands of Peter Lassen and Henry Gerke
Leland Stanford's Assemblage of Vina Winery Lands
Management and Development of the Vina Winery and Farm
The Vina Labor Force
Resignation of William Smith
Growth and Development of the Vina Enterprise
Vina Winery Production
Evaluation of the Vina Winery Experiment
The Vina Farm
Vineyards at the Palo Alto Stock Farm
Columbian Exposition in Chicago—1893

13. California State Railroad Regulation—1864-1887

Early State Railroad Regulation
State Laws to regulate the Central Pacific Railroad
Assemblyman Frank S. Freeman Bill (Assembly Bill 2)
Senator William Irwin Bill (Senate Bill 449)
An Interview with the "Railroad King"
Senator Miles P. O'Connor Bill
Assemblyman Lawrence Archer Bill (Assembly Bill 182)
Railroad Regulation by Constitutional Reform
The San Francisco Argonaut and the Southern Pacific's Transcontinental Railroad
The first three Railroad Commissioners under the new State Constitution
Stanford Returns Home alone from Europe
Hotel Del Monte
Stanford Entertains President Rutherford B. Hayes
Stanford on Government Regulation
Frank Morrison Pixley
Stanford's Reply to Pixley's "Invitation"
Threats from Within—the Ellen M. Colton Case

14. The CP/SP Associates help complete three Southern Transcontinentals

Early Movements for a Southern Transcontinental Railroad
Early Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Opposition to a Southern Transcontinental
Death of Mark Hopkins
Death of David Douty Colton
Pacific Improvement Company
Southern Pacific Construction in Arizona Territory
Stanford's first serious Illness
Railroad Construction in Arizona is Suspended and Resumed
Mussel Slough Showdown
Southern Pacific Construction in New Mexico Territory
Southern Development Company
Southern Pacific Construction in Texas
Other Transcontinental Railroads
Organization of the Southern Pacific Company of Kentucky
The Extent of the Associates' Railroad Empire in 1885
Railroad Pools and the 1887 Rate War
The Southern Pacific Company in the Promotion of the West

15. Competition on Land, Rivers, and Seas

Rhetoric of Competition
Pacific Express and Wells Fargo Express Deal
California Steam Navigation Company
Pacific Mail Steamship Company
Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company
Reality of Competition

16. Early Life of Leland Stanford Jr. and the First European Tour—1868-1881

Leland Jr. is born in Sacramento
Young Leland
A Christmas Party
Not exactly another Transcontinental, but . . . it was Leland's Train
Leland's Education and Training
Cherished Birthday Gifts
Leland and Jane Stanford as Parents
The Stanfords' First European Tour
Stanford's Second European Tour—He rejoins his Family

17. University of California, Regent—1882-1883

Social Life of the Stanfords in 1882
Stanford as a Regent of the University of California
The Stanfords in New York in the winter of 1882-1883

18. The Death of Leland Jr. on the Second European Tour—1882-1884

Did young Leland Stanford change his Name?
Leland Junior and Friends—Lizzie Hull and Wilsie Taylor
Second European Tour (Stanford's Third)
The Myth of Stanford and the Orient Express
Illness and Death of Leland Junior
Condolences and Memorials
The Stanfords' Grief—and Ideas about Religion
Burial and Mausoleum of Leland Junior
Memorial Services for Leland Junior
The Stanfords meet Bertha Berner

19. The Birth of Leland Stanford Junior University

The Idea of a University takes Shape
The Stanfords seek professional Advice on founding a University
Founding of Leland Stanford Junior University
Signing of the founding Grant of Leland Stanford Junior University
Reactions to the Founding of Stanford University
Building and staffing the University
The Stanfords and David Starr Jordan
The Stanfords and Spiritualism
The University Opens
Early Operation and Management of the University

20. First Term as a U.S. Senator—March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1891

California Senate Race in 1885
Stanford's Journalistic Boom for the Senate
Stanford is nominated for the U.S. Senate
Stanford's Election to the U.S. Senate
Reactions to Stanford's Election
Stanford as a U.S. Senator
49th Congress, Special Session of the Senate
49th Congress, 1st Session
49th Congress, 2nd Session
Stanford's Ideas on Cooperative Associations
50th Congress, 1st Session
Stanford's Presidential "Boom" of 1888
50th Congress, 2nd Session
51st Congress, Special Session of the Senate
51st Congress, 1st Session
51st Congress, 2nd Session

21. Stanford and the U.S. Pacific Railway Commission of 1887

President Grover Cleveland appoints a Pacific Railway Commission
Early Investigation of the missing Books of the Contract and Finance Company
Stanford's Testimony before the U.S. Pacific Railway Commissioners
Conclusions of the Pacific Railway Commissioners
The Central Pacific Associates' Account of Railroad Finances and Assets
President Cleveúland's Report to Conúgress

22. Southern Pacific Company Presidency

More on Stanford's Election to the U.S. Senate
Huntington replaces Stanford as President of the Southern Pacific Company
Reactions to Huntington's becoming President of the Southern Pacific Company
Huntington's nominal "Dear Governor" Apology

Summary

23. The Election of 1890 and Stanford's Second Term in the U.S. Senate

The California State Election
Stanford campaigns for Reelection to the U.S. Senate
Stanford's Reelection to the U.S. Senate
52nd Congress, 1st Session
Stanford's Presidential "Boom" of 1891-1892
52nd Congress, 2nd Session
53rd Congress, Special Session of the Senate

24. Social Life and Travels during the Senate Years—1885-1893

The Stanfords' Social Life in California between the Special Session and the 1st Session of the 49th Congress
Social Life in California between the 1st and 2nd Sessions of the 49th Congress
Wedding of Lizzie Hull and Joseph Grant
The Stanfords at Home in California between the 2nd Session of the 49th Congress and the 1st Session of the 50th Congress
Senator Stanford's poor Health: His Fourth (Jane's Third) European Tour
Hotel-Kursaal de la Maloja (later known as the Maloja Palace Hotel) and Encina Hall
Lake Como and Bellagio
Home again in California
The Stanfords at Home between the 50th and 51st Congresses
Wedding of Anna Maria Lathrop and David Hewes
Justice Stephen Johnson Field
The Death of Lizzie Hull Grant
The summer and fall of 1889
The Death of Mary (Deming) Crocker
Leland Stanford's fifth (Jane's fourth) European Tour
Social Life in California from October 15 to November 25, 1890
The Death of Wilson "Wilsie" Grissim Taylor
The Stanfords' Social Life in Washington—1885-1893
A Note on Stanford Philanthropies
Visit of President and Mrs. Benjamin Harrison
Stanford's sixth and last (Jane's fifth) European Trip
Death of Anna Maria Lathrop Hewes
Guests at the Palo Alto Farm

25. The End of the Line

Retirement and Failing Health
Leland Stanford and Nick Smith
The Death of the Governor

Stanford's Funeral
Senate Eulogies
California Accolades

Stanford's Attitudes toward Religion and Churches
An Assessment of Leland Stanford—Man of Many Careers
Stanford was a Great Man

26. Epilogue and Legacy

The Burial of Leland, Jr. in the Family Mausoleum
Leland Stanford's Last Will and Testament
Asa Phillips (Phil) and Annie Stanford
Stanford's Farms and Ranches
Jane Stanford and her disaffected Legatees
Stanford Vineyards
Warm Springs Vineyard and Winery
Menlo Park (Palo Alto Stock Farm)
Vina Winery and Farm
Stanford Homes
Sacramento House
San Francisco House
Palo Alto Farm House
Palo Alto Stock Farm
Stanford University

U.S. Government Lawsuit
Jane Stanford gives the University more than $11 million and limits the Number of Women Students to 500
Jane Stanford fires two Stanford University Trustees and tries to fire a Third
Jane Stanford's Ideas on HigherEducation
Stanford University's Position in the World of Higher Education
Jane Stanford-Bertha BernerTravels
Jane Stanford's Death
Railroad Affairs
End of the Line for Car Stanford
End of the Line for the Central Pacific Railway

End of the Line for the Southern Pacific Company (Southern Pacific Lines)
Tributes paid to Leland Stanford

Statuary Hall Resolutions
Recognition of Stanford for his Contributions to Motion Picture Research and Development
Mountain of a Man
Postage Stamps that did not Stick
Liberty Ship S.S. Leland Stanford and the Barkentine Jane L. Stanford
Albany, New York, Hall of Fame
A Tribute by Leland Stanford's favorite Brother
In Memoriam

Bibliography

1. Manuscript Collections (Collections and Guides to Collections)
2. Reference Works (Archival and Research Guides, Rosters, and Indices)
3. Collected Works (Anthologies, Records, Minutes, Literature, and Poetry)
4. United States Government Documents (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial)
5. California State Government Documents (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial)
6. Miscellaneous State and Territorial Publications
7. City and County Government Documents and Maps (Listed by County)
8. Correspondence (Miscellaneous and Collected Letters)
9. Personal Narratives (Interviews, Speeches, Talks, and Statements)
10. Autobiographical Works (Autobiographies, Diaries, Journals, and Memoirs)
11. Biographical Works (Biographies, Family Histories, and Genealogies)
12. Stanford University Studies
13. Vineyards and Stock Farm
14. Stanford and Muybridge Motion Picture Research
15. State History
16. County and Regional History
17. Town and City History (Catalogues, Directories, and Buildings)
18. Railroad History (General History, Documents, and Reports)
19. General Works
20. Unpublished and Ephemeral Works
21. Newspapers Cited or Quoted
22. Author Interviews
23. Author Correspondence

Index

NORMAN E. TUTOROW CURRICULUM VITA/RÉSUMÉ

P.O. Box 714

La Honda, California 94020

Phone (650) 747-9770

Fax 747-0568

E-Mail NET@TDL.com

Dr. Norman E. Tutorow spent three years in the Marine Corps as an electronics instructor in the USMC Radar School. Afterward, he majored in philosophy at San Diego State College before becoming a mathematics student at San José State College. He found his niche in history at Stanford where he took his Ph.D. in American political and military history. His minor fields were the ancient world, modern Europe, classical and European languages, and military history. He holds degrees in history, philosophy, Spanish, and German.

Tutorow taught philosophy and history at various colleges, later served as Chief of the Archives Branch of the Los Angeles Federal Records Center, and then was Chief of Master Planning Branch at the Presidio of San Francisco.

He is a member of the California Institute of International Studies, the California Historical Society, and various local, Western, and Civil War historical societies.

He has been a guest lecturer/speaker at scores of conventions, historical societies, service clubs, college and university classes, professional meetings, and cruises. In the latter category he has lectured on topics pertaining to South America, northern Europe, the Baltic states, Russia, and most of the countries bordering the Mediterranean, and in Asia from Singapore to Egypt.

Tutorow was a Visiting Fellow at Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University from 1996-2001, and is now a researcher at the Hoover. His major works include California: An Illustrated History; Leland Stanford: Man of Many Careers; Texas Annexation and the Mexican War; The Mexican‑American War: An Annotated Bibliography; War Crimes, War Criminals, and War Crimes Trials; James Gillespie Blaine and the Presidency; and The Unholy Trilogy. Pending publications are "German immigration into the United States during the Twentieth Century;" "The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford;" and the "Autobiography of Jesus."

Dr Tutorow's wife Evelyn ("Evie") assists him in his research. The Tutorows live in La Honda, California, on the San Francisco Peninsula, eighteen miles south of Stanford University.

College and University Education

AA Spanish Foothill College

AB Philosophy San Diego State College

MA Philosophy Stanford University

MA History San José State College

MA German Stanford University

PhD History Stanford University

Books Published:

1. California: An Illustrated History [with Don E. Fehrenbacher]. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1968.

2. Leland Stanford: Man of Many Careers. Menlo Park: Pacific Coast Publishers, 1971.

3. Texas Annexation and the Mexican War: A Political Study of the Old Northwest. Palo Alto: Chadwick House Publishers, 1979.

4. The Mexican‑American War: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981.

5. War Crimes, War Criminals, and War Crimes Trials: An Annotated Bibliography and Source Book. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986.

6. James Gillespie Blaine and the Presidency: A Documentary Study and Source Book. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1989.

7. The Unholy Trilogy. Palo Alto: Chadwick House Publishers, 2000.

Publications Pending:

"German Immigration into the United States during the Twentieth Century."

"The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford."

"The Autobiography of Jesus."

Major Journal Articles

1. "Graphic Illustrations of California History, A Guide to Sources," Picturescope 1968 16(4): 75‑82.

2. "Leland Stanford's Wisconsin Years," Wisconsin Then and Now 1969 15(10): 1‑4.

3. "The Old Northwest and the Texas Annexation Treaty," East Texas Historical Journal 1969 7(2): 67‑77.

4. "Adoniram Judson: A Sketch of an American Baptist's Influence on Burma," The Quarterly Review 1970 30(1): 51‑59.

5. "Whigs of the Old Northwest and Texas Annexation, 1836‑April, 1844," Indiana Magazine of History 1970 66(1): 56‑69.

6. "A Historical Sketch of the Southern California Customs Offices and a Synopsis of the Records in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center," Custometeor 1970 (May): 16‑27.

7. "Leland Stanford: Midwife of the Movies," Pacific Historian 1970 14(2): 85‑96.

8. "Leland Stanford, the Successful Failure," Wines and Vines 1970 51(6): 61‑62.

9. "A Note on Federal Records Centers and Activities of Branch Offices of the National Archives," Records Management Quarterly 1970 4(3): 8, 37.0 4(3): 8, 37.

10. "Leland Stanford and Competition: Rhetoric versus Reality," Southern California Quarterly 1970 52(3): 231‑247.

11. "Western and Territorial Research Opportunities in Trans-Mississippi Federal Records Centers," Pacific Historical Review 1971 40(4): 508‑518.

12. "Source Materials for Historical Research in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center," Southern California Quarterly 1971 53(4): 333‑344.

13. "Leland Stanford, President of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company," American Neptune 1971 31(2): 120‑129.

14. "The Whigs of Ohio and Texas Annexation," Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1971 43(1): 23‑33.

15. "A Bibliographical Appraisal of Henry Adams' Scientism," Social Studies 1972 63(2): 58‑64.

16. "Potpourri of Graphic Materials in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center," California Historical Quarterly 1973 52(4): 366‑370.

17. "Leland Stanford: Civil War Governor of California," California and the Civil War 1861-1865. Robert J. Chandler (ed.). The Book Club of California 1992 Keepsake Series. Berkeley: Okeanos Press, 1993.

18. "San Francisco over the Rocks: The Sitka [Ice Company] and the City," in Robert F. Schoeppner, and Robert J. Chandler, editors, California Vignettes, San Francisco Corral of the Westerners Brand Book 1 (San Francisco: Great West Books, 1996), 87-105.

19. "A History of Two Hospitals: The Marine Hospital and the U. S. Public Health Service Hospital on the Presidio of San Francisco," California History Magazine 1996 75 (2): 154-169, 184-187.

NORMAN E. TUTOROW TEACHING SUBJECTS

AMERICAN HISTORY

Colonial

19th Century Political

Military

Diplomatic

20th Century

Intellectual

The West

California

Historical Geography

PHILOSOPHY

History of Philosophy

Logic

Classical Greek Philosophy